CHESS
SUMMARY
Chess is a board game in which two players compete against each other. Chess is sometimes known as Western chess or international chess. The modern version of the game evolved from chaturanga, a similar but much earlier Indian game, in the second half of the 15th century in Southern Europe. Chess is one of the most popular games in the world today, with millions of people playing it.
Chess is an abstract strategy game in which no information is hidden. It is played on a 64-square square chessboard with an eight-by-eight grid. Each player controls sixteen pieces at the outset (one controls the white pieces, the other controls the black pieces): one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. The goal of the game is to checkmate your opponent’s king, which means that the king is under imminent attack (in “check”) and has no possibility of escaping. A game might also result in a tie in a variety of ways.
Chess as we know it now began in the nineteenth century. FIDE, the International Chess Federation, now governs chess competitions around the world (International Chess Federation). Wilhelm Steinitz became the first universally recognized World Chess Champion in 1886, while Magnus Carlsen is the current World Champion. Since the game’s conception, a vast corpus of chess theory has emerged. Chess composition contains artistic elements, and chess has affected Western culture and art, as well as having linkages to other subjects such as mathematics, computer science, and psychology.
History of CHESS
Chess is a game that has been played for over 1500 years. Its first known form, chaturanga, was invented in India in the 6th century CE. The pieces originally represented infantry, cavalry, elephants, chariots, a general, and a monarch, which were all common military units at the time. Following the Islamic conquest of Persia, the game moved from India to Persia in the 7th century, and subsequently westward to the rest of the Muslim world. The game then spread to southern Europe under Islamic influence, eventually reaching western Europe around 1000 CE. The Isle of Lewis chessmen are an example of an early European chess set. Chess’ rules and pieces were renamed as it moved throughout the Islamic world and eventually Europe. By the beginning of the 15th century, Italy and Spain had developed contemporary chess rules. Authors began to publish chess books, and works by chess masters like as Luis Ramierez de Lucene, Ruy Lopez de Segura, and Gioachino Greco affected the evolution of chess studies, which continues to this day.
Early European tournaments featured Romantic masters like Howard Staunton, Paul Morphy, and Adolf Andersson, and modern competitive play developed in the second half of the nineteenth century. Around this time, Jaquez of London created the traditional Staunton pattern set, which is still commonly used today. Wilhelm Steinitz defeated Johannes Zucker tort in the first world chess championship, which took place in 1886.
Chess competitions became a worldwide event in the twentieth century. The FIDE (Federation International de Chess) was created in 1924 and began administering the world chess championship in 1948. The world championship was contested by many strong players, with legends like Mikhail Botvinnik, Mikhail Tal, Bobby Fischer, and Garry Kasparov emerging victorious. The widespread use of computer analysis to aid top players in refining their games has been a defining element of chess since 2000. Computer chess programs first appeared in the 1970s, and players have depended on computer analysis to assist them gain an advantage over the competition since Deep Blue’s triumph over Kasparov in their second encounter in 1997. In recent years, online chess competition has surged in popularity, with millions of players from all over the world competing at all skill levels.
Rules of CHESS
Chess is played on a square board with eight rows of squares (called ranks and denoted by numerals 1 to 8) and eight columns of squares (called files and denoted by letters a to h). The sixty-four squares are referred to as “bright squares” and “dark squares” because their colors alternate between light and dark. The chessboard is set up so that each player has a white square in the near right hand corner, and the pieces are arranged as indicated in the diagram, with each queen on a square of the same color as the queen.
Each player starts the game with sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns for each player. The white pieces are controlled by one player, White, and the black pieces are controlled by the other player, Black; White is always the first to move. The colors are chosen by a tournament director, a friendly agreement, or a game of chance. One piece is moved at a time by the players (with the exception of castling, when two pieces are moved at the same time). Pieces are moved to an empty square or a square occupied by an opponent’s piece, capturing it and removing it from play.
King
The player is said to be under check when his king is directly attacked by one (or potentially two) of his opponent’s pieces. Only moves that remove the king from attack are allowed when in check. Any move that puts the player’s king under check must be avoided. The goal of the game is to checkmate your opponent’s king, which happens when the opponent’s king is in check and there are no moves that can free the king from attack. Only one square can be moved horizontally, vertically, or diagonally by the king. Each king is allowed to make a special double move, to castle, once in the game. Castling entails moving the king two squares towards a rook and then moving the rook onto the square that the king crossed. Castling is only permitted if all of the following requirements are met:
- The player must never have castled while moving both the king and the rook.
- Between the king and the rook, there must be no pieces.
- The king may not be in check at the moment, nor may he cross through squares where enemy pieces are attacking. Castling, like any other maneuver, is forbidden if it puts the king in jeopardy.
- The rook and the king must have the same rank (to exclude castling with a promoted pawn).
Rook
The rook can move any number of unoccupied squares vertically or horizontally (and is also engaged in the king’s special castling motion).
Bishop
The bishop can move any number of unoccupied squares diagonally in any direction. Because a bishop’s square color never changes, players refer to them as “light-squared” or “dark-squared” bishops.
Queen
Any number of unoccupied squares can be moved diagonally, horizontally, or vertically by the queen.
Knight
The knight can jump over occupied squares and advance two spaces horizontally and one space vertically, or vice versa, forming a “L.” A knight in the centre of the board can move to eight different squares. It’s worth noting that a knight’s square color changes every time he advances.
Pawns
Pawns have the most complicated movement rules: If that square is empty, a pawn can move forward one square. If both squares in front of the piece are empty, the pawn can move two squares forward if it hasn’t moved yet. Backward movement is impossible for a pawn. When a pawn makes an initial two-square advance that places it horizontally close to an opponent’s pawn, the opponent’s pawn can capture it “en passant” as if it had only moved one square instead of two, but only on the next move. Pawns are the only pieces that capture and move in diverse ways. They can capture an enemy piece on either of the two neighboring spaces in front of them (i.e. the two squares diagonally in front of them), but they can’t move to these places if they’re empty. A pawn gets promoted (converted) to a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color if it advances all the way to the eighth rank. The pawn is usually often promoted to a queen in practice.
Remaining movement rules
Pieces, with the exception of the knight, are unable to jump over one another. If one’s own pieces (“friendly pieces”) are in the path of movement, they cannot be passed, and a friendly piece cannot replace another friendly piece. Enemy pieces can’t cross through, although they can be “caught.” When a piece is captured (or taken), the attacking piece moves to that square and replaces the opponent piece (en passant being the only exception). As a result, the captured piece is taken from the game and cannot be played again for the rest of the game. The king cannot be caught; he can only be restrained. Checkmate occurs when a player is unable to pull the king out of check, and the game is lost. Chess games do not have to end in checkmate; if the situation appears hopeless, either side may surrender. A game may also finish in a tie (tie). Draws can happen for a variety of reasons, including agreement, stalemate, threefold repetition of a position, the fifty move rule, or checkmate impossibility (usually because of insufficient material to checkmate).
Timed Games
Setting a move time while establishing a new game allows you to play with a time limit. In timed games, each player gets a set amount of time to decide which moves to make, and the amount of time available to them reduces only when it is their turn to move.
Game Draw
A game in which neither player is victorious at the end. The majority of drew games are decided by consensus based on the regulations. Stalemate, three-fold repetition, the fifty-move rule, and insufficient material are some of the various ways a game can result in a draw. If one player can eventually push the game into a position where the game must end in a draw, regardless of the other player’s moves, the position is said to be a draw (or a drawn position).
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STALEMATE :
A stalemate occurs when the player who is supposed to move has no lawful move and his king is not in check. A stalemate ends in a draw right away.
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Threefold Repetition
If the same situation occurs three times with the same player to move, and each player has the same set of valid moves each time, the game is drawn (the latter includes the right to take en passant and the right to castle).
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Fifty Move Rule
The fifty move rule specifies that after fifty moves from either side without a pawn move or capture, the game is drawn.
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Insufficient Material
All pawns have been captured, and one side has only its king left, while the other has only a king or a king plus one knight or one bishop. Because the dominant side cannot deliver checkmate regardless of play, the position is a draw. Situations in which checkmate is only feasible if the inferior side commits a fifty-move error.